Pancasila And Zero Hunger Challenge 2Nd Sustainable Development Goals (Sdgs) Zero Hunger
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) declared by the United Nations is 17 goals and 169 achievements related to sustainable development as the kegiatan of world development for the purpose of human and earth benefit. The Goals of Sustainable Development are agreed by 193 countries in September 2015 as joint development ambitions until 2030.. One of the goals of sustainable development goals is zero hunger. Achievements to be achieved on zero hunger include to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.
The perkara of food security is a very complex challenge, because it linked to everything about other development issues such as health, the environment and economics. The undernourishment cases often occur in some countries, especially in developing countries due to lack of infrastructure and low economic community.
In Indonesia, the population hunger rate in 2017 based on a research from the Global Hunger Index (GHI) is at a serious level with a score of 22.0 where the higher the score indicates the worse the hunger situation in the country.
Cases of hunger occur in some countries of the world. 780 million people deprived of sufficient nourishment, three million under-fives dead from hunger in just one year, and 66 million primary school children sent to class every day on empty stomachs. Therefore we must understand the situation that happens so that the actions we do is right (OFID, 2016) .
- What is hunger?
- Why hunger occurs?
- What is zero hunger challenge?
- How is the case of hunger in Indonesia?
- What are the views of Pancasila and legislation regarding the case of famine occurring in Indonesia?
- What is the Indonesian government's step in addressing the perkara of hunger?
Hunger is a condition experienced by a person because it does not meet his appetite for a long time. Hunger can happen because the body does not get sufficient nourishment intake to meet basic nutritional needs. The term hunger usually refers to the condition of malnutrition that occurs in the population in a region due to the lack of adequate food to meet the needs of everyone and lasted for a long time.
Hunger experienced by a person and continue to take care of in a long time can be a very serious perkara because it can lead to malnutrition and even death. Malnutrition experienced by many children under five because they do not get enough nutrient intake to support growth. Most of the causes are poverty.
Malnutrition is a technical term commonly used by the nutrition, health and medicine. Malnutrition is the worst form of the process of chronic malnutrition. Under-fives healthy or malnourished simply can be determined by comparing weight according to age, with reference (standard) that has been determined. If the weight according to age according to the standard, the child is called good nutrition. If a little below the standard called less nutrition. If it is well below the standard it is said to be malnutrition. Malnutrition is one form of severe malnutrition. Malnutrition accompanied by clinical signs is called marasmus or kwashiorkor (Hernawati, 2017) .
98% of starvation cases occur in developing countries. This is because several internal factors are interconnected with each other. In general, countries experiencing malnutrition due to problems in the country are experiencing conflict, drought, political problems, infrastructure is not adequate, low economic community, low quality education or so forth.
Conflict that occurred in a region in the long term will make the area becomes unsafe place to live in society, so that all activities of society such as economy, commerce, and other in the area become paralyzed so that the availability of food also limited and threaten the happening of hunger and malnutrition in the community.
2.2. Drought
Drought is one of the impacts of global climate change which is also lifted in the 17 goals of SDGs namely Climate Action. The drought in Somalia has resulted in many deaths from starvation. When famine struck Somalia in 2010-2012, nearly 260,000 people died.
The drought in Somalia is caused by the El Nino weather phenomenon that impacts hit the eastern and southern regions of Africa. Drought in Somalia kills livestock and destroys crops. Somalia is identified by the United Nations as a country threatened by extreme hunger along with Nigeria, South Sudan and Yemen (BBC, 2017) .
2.3. Politic
There is actually more than enough food to feed the world's population. But the global economic system favorable to industrialized countries creates hunger in the developing world (Ute Schaeffer).
Hunger is the result of a political policy that deliberately isolates some people. Their needs and difficulties are ignored and not a political concern in developed countries.
Farmers in poor countries are heavily dependent on trade rules and fair prices in developed countries. While the people in developed countries are also dependent on political and economic stability in fast-growing poor countries.
A country with large and fertile agricultural land may be an exporter of food, but that is not done, they are dependent on imports because their political elites are not interested in agriculture (Schaeffer, 2011) .
2.4. Infrastructure
Inequality that occurs in a country of uneven development can be the cause of hunger. Access to an area not covered by the trade distribution channels hampers the region's economic growth rate, thus becoming an isolated and vulnerable area to the threat of hunger. Technology in the undeveloped agricultural sector produces low productivity.
2.5. Poverty
Poverty is often referred to as the root of all problems that occur. Poverty affects the perkara of hunger and vice versa. Like a vicious circle that is difficult to find a way out. Healthy and nutritious food available is not affordable for the community because the price is too high amongst the poor.
Society will tend to consume less healthy food. Consumption of daily food less meet the energy needs of the body to lead an active and healthy life. This can lead to malnutrition problems.
2.6. Education
The low quality of human resources will make them less productive. So that affects their economic level, and the lack of knowledge often makes them do the wrong thing as well as in everyday food consumption, natural resource processing and so on.
The Zero Hunger Challenge was launched by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in 2012 he introduced the zero hunger challenge through five pillars that were to be achieved until 2030.
· All Food Systems Are Sustainable: From Production to Consumtion
· An End to Rurar Poverty: Double Small-Scale Producer Incomes and Productivity
· Adapt All Food Systems to Eleminate Loss Waste of Food
· Access Adaquate Food and Healthy Diets, For All People, and Year Round
· An End to Malnutrition In All Its Form
In Indonesia the population starvation rate by 2017 according to Global Hunger Index (GHI) is at a serious level with a score of 22.0 (Figure 1). Where the higher the score indicates that the worse the situation of hunger in the country.
Figure 1.  Source : GHI International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
Based on research data from the Food and Agriculture Organization shows that 19.4 million Indonesians still experience hunger every day that number has been much reduced from the early 90s when the FAO began to calculate the millennium development targets.
Cases of famine in Indonesia occur mainly in the eastern part of Indonesia such as West Papua, NTT, Maluku and parts of Kalimantan (VOA, 2015) .
Based on the prevalence of malnutrition in under-five children by province in Indonesia in 2013 there were 12 provinces in Indonesia with malnourished children under the national figure, and the percentage of underweight children under five in Indonesia is still far from government sasaran in 2017 (figure 2) .
Figure 2.  Souce: Riskesdas, 2013 |
When viewed nationally, the percentage of malnourished toddlers (bad-less) in Indonesia mencapi number 19.6 percent. This figure is still far from the government's sasaran in 2017 of 17 percent. Among the 33 provinces, there are 19 provinces with malnourished children under the national figure, where the province with the largest percentage is West Nusa Tenggara (33 percent) (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2016).
5. What are the views of Pancasila and legislation regarding the case of famine occurring in Indonesia?
Pancasila is the foundation of the state of Indonesia. So the people of Indonesia should have supported the values contained in each point of pancasila by applying it in the state and nations. Pancasila upholds the values of unity to create a just and prosperous society. Justice is the basis for achieving prosperity in society. Fair is a proportional form in which no one is very wealthy and show off wealth, no one is very poor and suffers from malnutrition.
In essence, justice is a state of affairs in society where there is no inequality of any kind. So that if justice has been achieved it will create a prosperity. That is a condition of society that can feel sufficiency together in running everyday life without any imbalance between each other. Prosperity is collective, different from the rich that are individual.
If the concept of pancasila is implemented by every person in this country, then there will be no more people who are starving, no longer malnourished, no beggars, no more children who are not in school and no more poverty.
(1) Impoverished persons and abandoned children shall be taken care of by the State.
(2) The state shall develop a system of social security for all of the people and shall empower the inadequate and underprivileged in society in accordance with human dignity.
(3) The state shall have the obligation to provide sufficient medical and public service facilities.
(4) Further provisions in relation to the implementation of this Article shall be regulated by law.
Point 1 : “Food Security and Nutrition is the condition of the fulfillment of Food and Nutrition needs for the country until with individuals, which is reflected in the availability of adequate food, both in quantity and quality, safe, diverse, meet the adequacy of nutrition, equitable and affordable and not contradictory with religion, beliefs, and community culture, to realize a good Nutritional Status in order to be able live healthy, active, and productive in a sustainable manner”.
Point 3 : “Food Security is the condition of the fulfillment of Food for the state up to the individual, who reflected in the availability of adequate food, both quantity and quality, safe, diverse, nutritious, equitable, and affordable and not contrary to the religion, beliefs and culture of the community, to be able to live healthy, active, and productive in a sustainable manner”.
- Food and Nutrition Strategic Policy hereinafter abbreviated as KSPG* is strategic policy in food development and nutrition in order to realize qualified and competitive human resources.
*KSPG: “Kebijakan Strategis Pangan dan Gizi”.
- The National Food and Nutrition Action Plan hereinafter abbreviated RAN-PG* is a national action plan containing programs and activities in the field of food and nutrition in order to realize qualified and competitive human resources.
*RAN-PG: “Rencana Aksi Nasional Pangan dan Gizi”.
- The Food and Nutrition Action Plan hereinafter abbreviated as RAD-PG* is a provincial and district / city action plan containing programs and activities in the field of food and nutrition in order to realize qualified and competitive human resources.
*RAD-PG: “Rencana Aksi Daerah Pangan dan Gizi”.
- Stakeholders are individuals, communities, academics, professional organizations, businesses, mass media, non-governmental organizations and development partners, related to food and nutrition development.
In addressing the perkara of poverty and hunger that occur especially in Indonesia, must be cooperation from all parties, both government and society.
As a country that agreed to the SDGs kegiatan of the United Nations, Indonesia continues to improve itself to achieve the targets of the 17 objectives of SDGs, one of them to achieve the goal number 2 is zero hunger.
On world food day 2015, Indonesian Agriculture Minister Amran Sulaiman launches Zero Hunger Challenge (ZHC). This kegiatan is in line with the kegiatan of Sustainable Development Objectives namely zero hunger from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Through the five pillars to be achieved on the ZHC kegiatan is expected to create prosperity in the world.
The five pillars of ZHC include: adequate access to food throughout the year, eliminating stunting (height of children unfit for age) in children under 2 years old, sustainable food systems, increasing productivity and incomes of small farmers, and eliminating the loss of food yields and wastage .
"The declaration is also in line with Nawa Cita's kegiatan to improve the quality of human life of Indonesia and increase people's productivity," said Amran.
Through the Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia continues to work to overcome the perkara of hunger that occurs in Indonesia by increasing productivity in the food sector. Especially for some strategic commodities such as rice, corn, and soybeans.
The FAO considers that Indonesia has been quite successful in reducing starvation from the year before.
There are some areas in Indonesia that are still vulnerable to starvation, especially in eastern Indonesia such as West Papua, Maluku, NTT and parts of Kalimantan. That's because the natural resources owned by eastern Indonesia is limited. Therefore, the Government of Indonesia continuously strives to improve the situation in the disadvantaged areas in the form of infrastructure development, roads, health and education facilities and trainings to improve the quality of human resources in the region concerned.
Hunger is not just a perkara because of the lack of available food, but because of the lack of public access to the food. Access in this case includes money issues, the majority of the poor spend their income just to meet their food needs.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), zero hunger (goal 2) are present to address all the issues related to hunger in the world. Through Zero Hunger Challenge expected in 2030 no more famine occurs, ZHC has five main pillars as the goal to be achieved until 2030 including: All Food Systems Are Sustainable: From Production to Consumtion; An End to Rurar Poverty: Double Small-Scale Producer Incomes and Productivity; Adapt All Food Systems to Eleminate Loss Waste of Food; Access Adaquate Food and Healthy Diets, For All People, and Year Round; An End to Malnutrition In All Its Form.
As part of a country that agrees on Sustainable Development Goals, Indonesia continues to improve itself to achieve the goals of the SDGs, one of which reduces the number of hunger in Indonesia occurring especially in eastern Indonesia such as West Papua, Maluku, NTT and parts of Kalimantan. Through the ministry of agriculture, Indoneria keeps trying to achieve food security by increasing food productivity.
Pancasila as the foundation of the State of Indonesia is built with the principle of unity and upholds the values of justice in society. Justice is the basis for achieving prosperity in society. In essence, justice is a state of affairs in a society where there is no inequality of any kind. So that if justice has been achieved it will create a prosperity. That is a condition of society that can feel sufficiency together in doing daily life without any imbalance between each other. Prosperity is collective, different from the rich that are individual.
In Indonesia, there are some rules governing poverty or hunger and food related issues. That is: The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 34; Goverment Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 Year 2015 About Food and Nutrition Security; Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 83 Year 2017 About the Food and Nutritional Strategic Policy. And much more to do with it.
To achieve this goal of SDGs, there needs to be involvement from all parties, both government and society around the world. For that information on Sustainable Development Goals really need to be disseminated to every layer of society that exists. Due to the support and involvement of the community with different professions will facilitate the achievement of this objective of the SDGs.
Particularly in Indonesia which has a state base of Pancasila, to achieve the objectives of this SDGs need support from every society to apply the values contained in the Pancasila in the life of nation and state to create prosperity in society.
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